Shut Up! On Censorship

Since long before I started posting on this blog almost seven years ago, I’ve been concerned with freedom of speech on one hand and censorship on the other. Including the censorship which has been applied to me, almost turning me into an academic unperson (one reason for continuing to post for as long as I can). And including that which others have fallen victim to. I therefore thought I’d start thinking a little about the matter. Who knows, perhaps one day these few notes will serve as the starting point for yet another book.

So here goes.

What is censorship? The attempt by one person, or group of persons, to prevent others from speaking their minds.

When did censorship begin? There probably never has been a society without censorship. If not of the formal kind, exercised by personnel specifically authorized for the purpose, then of the informal one that is rooted in public opinion. It is as Hobbes said: absolute freedom can only exist in a desert. That applies freedom of speech as it does to any other kind.

What makes censorship possible? The power some people exercise over others. In other words, the existence of government, institutionalized religion, organized public opinion, or all three.

What conditions favor censorship? Dictatorship. War (“truth is the first casualty”). All kinds of disasters for which no one wants to take responsibility. Bigotry. Monotheistic religion (“You shall have no other God before me;” “There is no Allah except for Allah”).

Who has done the censoring? In the past, it was almost always rulers and/or priests who set up the appropriate legal authority to enable them do so. Nowadays, thanks to the social media a growing number of private organizations are also involved; what started as an instrument for liberation has turned into the most extensive system ever devised for preventing people from saying “inappropriate” things. See under Facebook, see under Twitter. For what they have been doing to those dared express their approval of former President Donald Trump, including Trump himself, I hope they rot in hell. And may their place soon be taken by other platforms which will allow even “Bozos” to say what they think.

Shouldn’t those who mislead public opinion by pronouncing and spreading falsehood be censored? They should. Beginning with the authors of the Bible who, without any proof, have claimed that God exists and keeps interfering in human affairs.

Who has been censored? In general, those who 1. Produced and disseminated information considered undesirable by using any of the available means; such as speech, writing, the plastic arts, photography, film, broadcasting, and, nowadays, the Net. 2. Those who were of some consequence. If only because there are so many of them, there was often no point in censoring nobodies; that, however, seems to be changing.

He makes contemporary Christian writings as entertaining unlike any rhetorical analysis of a thesis on religion. tadalafil buy india The most essential components are included in the HVAC system such as vibration isolator, gas burner, gas line, condensation probe viagra line, compressor, condenser, and many more essential coils, etc. However, viagra cheapest pharmacy remains first choice for men who don’t want to consult with the physician or stand in a queue over the counter. Through viagra prescription this, body relaxation is highly achieved. Socrates apart, the list of those who have been censored or punished for speaking their minds includes Giordano Bruno… Francis Bacon… Galileo Galilei… Thomas Hobbes… Baruch Spinoza… René Descartes… John Locke… Isaac Newton… Charles de Montesquieu… Heinrich Heine… Arthur Schnitzler… Thomas Mann… Boris Pasternak… Jean-Paul Sartre… André Gide… Simone de Beauvoir…

What methods does censorship use? 1. It destroys as much of the “secret” or “heretic” or “dangerous” or “unsuitable” material as it can. 2. What it cannot destroy, it seeks to keep secret 3. It silences those who produce, transmit, or distribute the material that is being censored, either before it is published or after it has been. For an  account of the way one of the most rotten, most reactionary, regimes in history used to do it, see Maxim Gorky, The Mother (1906).

What kinds of material has been censored? Depending on the time and place, 1. Anything that might anger the gods or contradicted the way the established servants of religion saw the world. 2. Anything declared to be immoral; especially if, as in the case of Socrates, it was considered likely to “corrupt” the minds of the young. 3. Anything that might present a danger to government, either from within or from the outside.

Why is censorship dangerous? Because 1. It is, always has been, and always will remain the instrument of tyranny par excellence. 2. Because of its all but inevitable tendency to spread. Until, in the end, what started as a cloud no larger than a man’s hand comes to cover the entire sky, making not only speech but even thought itself impossible.

What is the effect of censorship? Very often, to draw people’s attention to the speech, or information, that has been censored. As, for example, happened to me when, following an Israeli court order banning a Palestinian movie, Jenin, Jenin, I made sure to watch it on YouTube. 

What fate will overtake censorship in the end? Here it would seem that the last word was said some nineteen hundred years ago. The author is the Roman historian Publius Cornelius Tacitus (Annals, 35):

The Fathers* ordered his** books to be burned… but some copies survived, hidden at the time, but afterwards published. Laughable, indeed, are the delusions of those who fancy that by their exercise of their ephemeral power, posterity can be defrauded of information. On the contrary, through persecution the reputation of the persecuted talents grows stronger. Foreign despots and all those who have used the same barbarous methods have only succeeded in bringing disgrace upon themselves and glory to their victims.

 

*   The members of the Senate.

** The reference is to Aulus Cremutius Cordus, a Roman historian who lived under Tiberius. In 25 CE he fell foul of Sejanus, the corrupt but all-powerful commander of the Praetorian Guard, who had him brought to trial for allegedly offending the memory of the late Emperor Augustus. He ended by committing suicide.

Hurray, I am on the Index!

Some weeks ago I got an email from a stranger in England. Here goes:

“I work at a top UK school and was asked to give a lecture on a controversial topic for a course intended to provoke debate. I chose the patriarchy.

I quoted your comment in The Privileged Sex that, in a world without men,

‘Mining, oil extraction, heavy and chemical industry, long-distance transportation, most forms of construction, many kinds of agriculture, such as forestry and the herding of large domestic animals, would all but cease. So would deep-sea fishing. Under such conditions, over 90% of the world’s present-day population would die of starvation. The women that survived such a calamity would likely revert to a primitive life based on horticulture, dwelling in huts and suffering from a permanent shortage of animal protein. Judging by historical and pre-historical precedent, their life expectancy would be reduced to less than 40 years.’

My point was simply about the traditional division of labor. A lot of men die doing those jobs, and most societies have avoided risking women’s lives.”

Next thing I learnt that, for daring to quote me and defying political correctness in general, the teacher was accused of “gross misconduct” and fired.

Let readers decide two things. First, whether there is any truth in the lines I wrote; and second, whether anyone deserves to be fired for quoting them. Here I want to discuss some other books that have been banned by the authorities that be. Taking a look at history, it turns out that, starting long, long ago, there have been any number of such books. Either because they contradicted the dominant religion, or because they were considered politically subversive, or because they celebrated sex. Thinking of it, it seems to me that there has hardly been a literate civilization that did not have a list of them.

That is why, in the discussion that follows, I shall limit myself to one such list, i.e the Index Librorum Prohibitorum. Not because it was by any means the first. And not because it was the worst of the lot. At any rate it banned books because of what the authors had to say, not because of the race to which they, the authors, belonged. But because many of the books it banned were, or later became, world famous. Already in 1559, the year its first edition was issued by Pope Paul IV, it contained the names of 550 authors whose works were considered heretical. Individual titles by many additional ones not included. Over the next four centuries the number grew and grew until it reached into the thousands.

Some books were banned in certain countries but not in others. Some were banned entirely, others only until certain changes were made in the text. As the intellectual ambience changed, others still were dropped from the list. Keeping it up to date provided generations of Catholic scholars—not the world’s most foolish or worst informed, by the way—with lifetime sinecures. All to no avail, of course. Neither the printing presses nor any number of curious readers could be stopped. The harder the Holy See fought, the more it turned itself into a laughing stock. Until, in 1966, Pope Paul VI took the long overdue step of doing away with the whole thing.

Whether the sperm donor should be known or unknown? It generic levitra 5mg is always advisable to go for unknown donor. Former is expensive and latter is affordable. buy generic sildenafil Both of prescription free cialis http://www.unica-web.com/archive/2012/baca.html these numbers are important. Causes of weak erection in men include reduced sildenafil 100mg hop over to these guys blood supply due to damaged nerves and tissues. A full history of the list, let alone even a short description of the books on it, would easily fill the shelves of a library (or, these days, a hard disk). Here, all I can do is to present you, my faithful readers, with a few examples, selected for no other reason than that, as I’ve just said, the authors in question ended up by becoming world famous.

Nicolas Copernicus, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies). In the West, the idea that the sun and all other heavenly bodies revolved around the earth reigned supreme from the second century CE on. Enter Copernicus, a monk from Torun in Poland. In On the Revolutions, published in the year of his death (1543), he argued that the opposite was the case. In 1616 it was placed on the Index. Today there are statues of him all over Poland as well as one in Chicago.

Galileo Galilei Dialogue on the Two Systems of the World. Galileo was a widely known, widely respected, early seventeenth-century scientist with many discoveries to his name. Including sunspots, including the mountains on the face of the moon, and including the moons of Jupiter. In this work, published in 1632, he argued, as Copernicus had done, that the earth was not the center of the universe. The Church immediately had the publication suspended. Later it put the author on trial, the details of which are too well known to be retold here.

Thomas Hobbes. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) in Leviathan and other words tried to bridge the gap between biology and social life on one hand and the physics of his day on the other. On the way he invented the modern state as an “artificial man,” for which I personally consider him, along with Aristotle, as one of the two most important political scientists of all time. Also on the way. he came very close to denying the existence both of God and the human soul. If he personally escaped punishment, then only because he fled from his native England to the Netherlands.

Francois-Marie Arouet Voltaire. Voltaire’s (1694-1778) ability to combine serious philosophy with a light, almost flippant, touch has probably never been equaled. For advocating the rights of nonconformists of every kind, religious ones included, most of his books were put on the Index. Today many see him as the greatest of all Enlightenment writers.

Antonio Rosmini, On the Five Wounds of the Catholic Church (1883). A relatively obscure figure, Rosmini was an Italian priest and theologian. In this work, each of the crucified Christ’s wounds is made to stand for a serious defect of the Church. The one on the left hand represents the division between the people and the clergy in public worship. The one on the right hand does the same for the insufficient education of the clergy. And so on, wound by wound. In 1849 it was placed on the index, along with another one of Rosmini’s works. Why did I put him on this short list? Because, 158 years later, his concern for the poor and downtrodden caused him to be formally beatified.

Jean-Paul Sartre. Opera Omnia. Sartre (1905-80) was a French philosopher who clashed with the Church on almost every point. Many consider him the twentieth century’s most important atheist. Which did not prevent him from being awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize for literature.

Simone de Beauvoir (1908-86). De Beauvoir was Sartre’s lifelong companion. Her books, The Second Sex (1949) and The Mandarins (1954) were among the last to be put on the Index and also among the fairly rare ones written by women. Her sin? As well as joining Sartre in his atheism, she was perhaps the twentieth century’s most important feminist writer. As such, she opposed patriarchy and accused the Church of having supported it for two thousand years.

Now I too have been put on the index. If not on that of the Holy See, which has finally woken up to the folly of trying to control thought, then at any rate on the much more odious, because much less well-defined, of feminism/political correctness. To which I can only say, hurray! Who knows, perhaps there is hope for me, The Privileged Sex, and The Gender Dialogues as well.

P.S A few years ago the BBC, “punishing” me for something in wrote on this blog concerning (nonexistent?) Kurdish female warriors, canceled an interview with me. So I was very happy to learn that 1,300,000,000 Chinese are now prevented from watching it or listening to it. Serves it right, I suppose.

Then You Are a Thought Criminal

If you do not believe that what “everybody” thinks is necessarily true –

            Then you are a thought criminal and deserve to have your face eaten away by rats.

If you do not believe global warming is real, or that it is caused by human actvity –

            Then you are a thought criminal and deserve to have your face eaten away by rats.

If you believe people should have the right to kill themselves by smoking, as long a they do not force their habit on others –

            Then you are a thought criminal and deserve to have your face eaten away by rats.

If you do not believe that being somewhat overweight is bad for your health –

            Then you are a thought criminal and deserve to have your face eaten away by rats.

If you do not believe private organizations such as Facebook should have the right to censor your every word –

`Then you are a thought criminal and deserve to have your face eaten away by rats.

If you believe homosexuality is a sin (which I personally don’t) –

            Then you are a thought criminal and deserve to have your face eaten away by rats.

If you believe equality is problematic because it involves putting down the able and the industrious and comes at the expense of liberty –

            Then you are a thought criminal and deserve to have your face eaten away by rats.

If you believe diversity is problematic because it can make it harder for people to work together –

            Then you are a thought criminal and deserve to have your face eaten away by rats.
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If you believe school is not necessarily the best place to educate your children –    

Then you are a thought criminal and deserve to have your face eaten away by rats.

If you believe young children have a right to be brought up by their mothers rather than by strangers, if possible –

            Then you are a thought criminal and deserve to have your face eaten away by rats.

If you believe some jobs, primarily those involving heavy physical labor and ground combat, are not suitable for women –

            Then you are a thought criminal and deserve to have your face eaten away by rats.

If you do not believe that women have always and everywhere been oppressed –

            Then you are a thought criminal and deserve to have your face eaten away by rats.

If you do not believe every accusation of “sexual harassment” and “rape” is necessarily true –

            Then you are a thought criminal and deserve to have your face eaten away by rats.

If you do believe that at least some such accusations are motivated by the prospect of gain –

            Then you are a s\thought criminal and deserve to have your face eaten away by rats.

If you believe professors and students should have the right to fall in love with each other, as Abelard and Heloise did –

            Then you are a thought criminal and deserve to have your face eaten away by rats.

*

As for me, I am proud to be a thought criminal.